150+ LANGUAGES · ISO 17100 CERTIFIED · SAME-DAY TURNAROUND
Website Translation Services: Multilingual, SEO-Ready Websites for UK Businesses
ISO 17100 certified website translation services in 150+ languages from £30 per page. Native-speaker linguists, international SEO, same-day turnaround. Get a free quote.
- 150+ Languages
- ISO 17100 Certified
- Same-day Turnaround
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What we do
Our services
What are website translation services?
Website translation services are professional language solutions that convert a website’s copy, metadata, images, and code strings into one or more target languages, combining human linguists, translation memory, and localisation workflows to produce a culturally accurate, SEO-ready multilingual website.
What are the benefits of translating your website?
Translating your website unlocks 5 measurable benefits: access to new markets, higher conversion from native-language visitors, improved search engine visibility in local Google results, stronger brand trust, and compliance with GDPR and local consumer-protection rules that require translated terms and privacy policies.
How much do website translation services cost in the UK?
Website translation costs in the UK start from £30 per page or £0.09–£0.15 per word for ISO 17100 certified human translation, with machine translation plus post-editing at £0.05–£0.08 per word and same-day rush work carrying a 25–50% surcharge on standard rates.
What is the website translation process step by step?
The website translation process follows 7 steps: content extraction from the CMS, scoping and quoting, translation by a native-speaker linguist, editing by a second translator, proofreading, SEO and localisation QA, and re-integration into the live website under the ISO 17100 TEP workflow.
What is the difference between website translation and website localisation?
Website translation converts text from a source to a target language, while website localisation adapts the entire user experience — currency, date formats, images, cultural nuances, and international SEO — so the translated website feels native to speakers of the target language.
What are the main options for translating a website?
There are 4 main website translation options: free machine translation such as Google Translate, paid AI translation tools with post-editing, SaaS translation platforms like Weglot or Lokalise, and professional translation agencies delivering ISO 17100 human translation with localisation services.
What we do
What are website translation services?
Website translation services are professional language solutions that convert a website’s copy, metadata, images, and code strings into one or more target languages, combining human linguists, translation memory, and localisation workflows to produce a culturally accurate, SEO-ready multilingual website.
How it works
What is the website translation process step by step?
The website translation process follows 7 steps: content extraction from the CMS, scoping and quoting, translation by a native-speaker linguist, editing by a second translator, proofreading, SEO and localisation QA, and re-integration into the live website under the ISO 17100 TEP workflow.
What’s included
What are the benefits of translating your website?
Translating your website unlocks 5 measurable benefits: access to new markets, higher conversion from native-language visitors, improved search engine visibility in local Google results, stronger brand trust, and compliance with GDPR and local consumer-protection rules that require translated terms and privacy policies.
Complete guide
Everything you need to know
UK businesses entering new markets need multilingual, SEO-ready websites delivered by a professional translation agency, not a browser plugin. Our London-based language service provider converts entire websites into 150+ languages under ISO 17100 certified human workflows, priced transparently in GBP from £30 per page.
How much do website translation services cost in the UK?
Website translation costs in the UK start from £30 per page or £0.09–£0.18 per word for ISO 17100 certified human translation, with machine translation plus post-editing available at a lower per-word rate and same-day rush work carrying a 25–50% surcharge on standard rates. Every professional tier includes the full TEP workflow — Translation, Editing, and Proofreading — so the rate you pay covers three distinct quality stages, not a single pass by one linguist. All prices below are in GBP.
| Service tier | Rate (GBP) | Turnaround | Best for |
|---|---|---|---|
| Certified per page | from £30 / page | 24 hours | Single legal or web page |
| Standard human translation | £0.09–£0.12 / word | 1,500–2,000 words / day | Marketing sites, blogs |
| Specialist human translation | £0.13–£0.18 / word | 1,500 words / day | Legal, medical, technical |
| Machine translation + post-editing | £0.05–£0.08 / word | 4,000+ words / day | High-volume, low-risk content |
| Same-day rush | +25–50% surcharge | Up to 10,000 words / day | Urgent launches |
What is the per-word and per-page rate?
Per-word rates range from £0.09 to £0.18 depending on language pair and specialism, while certified per-page rates start at £30 for standard documents such as a single web page or a legal notice. The spread reflects genuine differences in linguist rarity and subject-matter expertise: rare language pairs such as Icelandic, Burmese, or Amharic sit at the top of the range because the pool of qualified native-speaker translators is small, while European major pairs — Spanish, French, German — sit near the floor due to greater linguist availability. Specialist subject matter such as legal, medical, or financial content carries a premium within each language pair because the translator must hold verifiable domain expertise alongside linguistic skill.
What factors change the price of a website translation project?
Six factors determine the final cost of any website translation project, and understanding them allows you to budget accurately before requesting a quote:
- Language pair rarity — rare pairs command higher per-word rates due to limited linguist supply.
- Subject-matter complexity — legal, medical, and technical content carries specialist rates of up to £0.18 per word.
- Word count and repetition — translation memories store previously translated segments and reduce per-word cost on repeated or similar content across a large website.
- Turnaround speed — same-day rush delivery of up to 10,000 words adds a 25–50% surcharge to the base rate.
- Certification or sworn translation requirement — certified and sworn translations require additional sign-off steps that affect both cost and timeline.
- CMS integration and international SEO scope — projects that include hreflang implementation, metadata translation, and CMS string extraction require additional technical effort.
How do I get a free quote for translating my website?
To get a free quote, send the website URL, target languages, and deadline to our team; we return a fixed-price GBP quote within 1 working hour covering all content types in scope. The quote will itemise per-word rates by language pair, any applicable rush surcharge, and the estimated turnaround based on your word count. Request your Free Translation Quote to start today.
How it works
What is the difference between website translation and website localisation?
Website translation converts text from a source language into a target language word for word, preserving meaning and structure, while website localisation adapts the entire user experience — currency symbols, date formats, imagery, cultural nuances, and international SEO signals — so the finished website feels genuinely native to speakers of the target language rather than a translated copy of the English original. Translation sits inside localisation as a necessary first step: you can translate without localising, but you cannot localise without first translating. For most marketing-led or e-commerce projects, localisation is the commercially correct choice.
The distinction matters because international SEO requires localisation, not translation alone. Translated metadata earns you a presence in local search results, but keyword localisation — researching the exact search terms real customers use in the target market rather than translating your English keywords literally — is what drives ranking and traffic volume. Hreflang tags signal to search engines which language version to serve to which region, and those tags must be researched and implemented as part of a localisation workflow, not bolted on as an afterthought.
| Element | Translation | Localisation |
|---|---|---|
| Body copy | Yes | Yes |
| Currency and units | No | Yes (GBP → EUR, miles → km) |
| Date formats | No | Yes (DD/MM → MM/DD) |
| Imagery and colour | No | Yes (culturally appropriate for the target market) |
| RTL layout | No | Yes (Arabic, Hebrew) |
| International SEO | Partial | Full (hreflang, keyword localisation, translated metadata) |
When do you need translation only, and when do you need full localisation?
Translation alone suits legal, technical, and reference content where meaning must be preserved accurately and cultural adaptation is secondary — a terms and conditions page or a regulatory compliance document, for example, requires precision above all else. Full localisation is the right choice for marketing pages, e-commerce product listings, and brand content where cultural nuances, locally resonant imagery, adapted date and currency formats, and localised search keywords directly drive engagement and conversion. In practice, most website projects benefit from a hybrid approach: certified human translation for legal pages, full localisation for customer-facing marketing and product content. Terms and privacy policies fall under our Legal Translation Services; product catalogues and landing pages fall under full localisation scope.
What are the main options for translating a website?
There are 4 main website translation options: free machine translation, paid AI translation with post-editing, SaaS translation platforms, and professional ISO 17100 translation agencies delivering human TEP workflows with full localisation services. Each option occupies a distinct position on the accuracy-cost spectrum, and choosing the wrong tier for a given content type carries measurable commercial risk.
| Option | Accuracy | Cost | Best use |
|---|---|---|---|
| Free machine translation | 70–90% on major pairs | Free | Internal gisting only |
| AI + post-editing | 92–96% | £0.05–£0.08 / word | High-volume, low-risk content |
| SaaS translation platform | Depends on linguists used | Subscription + per-word | Ongoing CMS sync |
| Professional translation agency | 99%+ human quality | £0.09–£0.18 / word | Brand, legal, SEO-critical pages |
How does free machine translation compare to professional translation?
Free machine translation delivers instant multilingual output but achieves only 70–90% accuracy on major language pairs, and that figure drops sharply when the content involves legal terminology, medical language, idiom, or culturally specific references. At 70–90% accuracy, a website page of 500 words may contain 50–150 errors — enough to undermine brand credibility, generate compliance risk on legal pages, and produce nonsensical metadata that actively harms SEO. Professional human translation, carried out under a TEP workflow with native-speaker linguists, consistently reaches 99%+ quality and is the only appropriate choice for public-facing website content that affects brand trust, conversion, or search ranking. For projects where budget requires a hybrid approach, machine translation with professional post-editing offers a middle path — but post-editing must be carried out by a qualified native-speaker editor, not automated. For hybrid budgets, see our Machine Translation Post-Editing service.
When is machine translation acceptable?
Machine translation is acceptable for internal comprehension tasks, gisting user-generated reviews, and rapid triage of large content volumes where the output will not be published directly to a live website. It is not suitable for any customer-facing page where accuracy, brand tone, or legal precision is required.
Why do community dictionary tools return inaccurate results?
Community-contributed translation tools return inaccurate results because their databases rely on sparse, unverified user-generated entries rather than curated translation memories built from professionally reviewed segments. For smaller or less commonly requested languages, these tools frequently surface the source-language word unchanged rather than a true target-language equivalent — a failure mode that is invisible to a buyer who does not speak the target language.
What are the leading website translation delivery models?
The market splits into two delivery models: SaaS translation platforms that provide CMS connectors and translation management automation, and ISO 17100 language service providers that supply qualified human linguists and take contractual responsibility for quality. A translation platform automates string extraction and file routing; a translation agency guarantees that a credentialled native-speaker translator and a separate editor review every segment. The best professional translation services combine both capabilities — platform integration for workflow efficiency, human TEP for quality assurance — so that string sync is automated and linguistic quality is never compromised.
Should you hire a freelance translator for your website?
Freelance translators suit single-language, limited-scope projects where the buyer can independently verify linguistic quality, but they carry higher management overhead and lack the quality infrastructure — translation memory, terminology databases, ISO 17100 processes, and independent editing — that a certified agency provides. For a website translation project spanning multiple pages, multiple languages, and CMS integration, a professional agency delivers more consistent results at a lower total cost of management, even if the per-word rate is comparable. When evaluating any individual linguist, look for verifiable professional credentials, a subject-matter specialism relevant to your industry, and a signed confidentiality agreement before sharing any content.
How do I choose the best website translation service for my business?
Choose the best website translation service by matching 6 criteria to your project: ISO 17100 certification, native-speaker linguists in the target language, translation memory technology, international SEO expertise, CMS integration capability, and transparent GBP pricing per word or per page. The size of your project, the subject matter of your content, and the markets you are targeting all determine which combination of these criteria should carry the most weight in your decision.
ISO 17100 certification is the single most important quality signal because it mandates a two-linguist minimum on every translation — a qualified translator and a separate editor — and requires documented quality management processes throughout the entire workflow. An agency that holds this certification is contractually bound to meet those requirements; one that does not hold it has no enforceable quality standard to point to.
What accreditations should a translation agency hold?
A trustworthy translation agency holds ISO 17100 certification for its translation processes, maintains corporate membership of the Institute of Translation and Interpreting, and meets the certified translation requirements of UKVI, HMCTS, and other official bodies for legal and immigration work. ISO 17100 is the internationally recognised standard that specifies requirements for the entire translation workflow, including linguist qualifications, revision procedures, and project management controls. Agencies that display these credentials are accountable to an independent certification body; those that do not are self-certifying their own quality.
How do you verify translator quality?
Verify translator quality using 4 checks before committing any content to a linguist or agency:
- Native speaker of the target language — translation into the linguist’s native language produces consistently higher quality output than translation out of it.
- Linguistics degree or subject-matter qualification — specialist content (legal, medical, technical) requires domain expertise alongside language skill.
- Verifiable professional credentials — ITI directory listing or a strong, independently reviewable professional profile.
- Signed NDA and confidentiality agreement — essential before sharing any unpublished website content, product data, or legal documents.
Which languages should you translate your website into first?
Prioritise the languages that align directly with your highest-potential export markets and existing traffic data before expanding across the full range of 150+ languages our service covers. For most UK exporters, Spanish, French, German, Mandarin, and Arabic represent the strongest first tier: Spanish opens access to Latin America and Spain; French covers France, Belgium, Switzerland, and significant francophone markets in Africa; German is the largest economy in continental Europe; Mandarin opens mainland China; and Arabic serves 22 MENA markets with a combined population exceeding 400 million. Analytics data showing where your current international visitors originate — and where they drop off due to language barriers — is the most reliable guide to prioritisation.
How do website translation and SEO work together?
Website translation and SEO work together through international SEO: translators localise keywords, meta titles, meta descriptions, URL slugs, and hreflang tags into the target language, so the translated website ranks in local Google Search results rather than being invisible to the search engines serving that market. International SEO is not an optional add-on to translation — it is a structural requirement, because a perfectly translated page with untranslated metadata or missing hreflang tags will not be indexed correctly and will not surface for local-language search queries. Our SEO-friendly website translation includes this as standard.
The process of adapting currency, date formats, imagery, cultural nuances, and international SEO signals as part of full localisation compounds the SEO benefit further: a page that feels genuinely native to the target market earns lower bounce rates and higher dwell time, both of which are behavioural signals that reinforce organic search ranking over time. Translation alone delivers a presence in the target language; localisation with international SEO delivers a competitive ranking position.
What is keyword localisation?
Keyword localisation is the research-led process of identifying the exact search terms that real customers in the target market use, rather than producing a literal translation of your English keywords. A literal translation of a keyword is rarely what local users actually type into a search engine: search behaviour varies by country, dialect, and cultural context. Effective keyword localisation maps each source-language keyword to its highest-volume, highest-relevance equivalent in the target language, then verifies that the translated page content genuinely targets that term — not just in the metadata but in the body copy, headings, and internal anchor text. A term widely used in one country may carry entirely different connotations or search volumes in another market that nominally shares the same language.
How are hreflang tags and metadata handled?
Hreflang tags and translated metadata are implemented during the international SEO quality assurance phase of every translation project, so that search engines correctly associate each language version of a page with its intended geographic and linguistic audience. Every translated URL receives its own localised title tag, meta description, and image alt text, and every page is included in a correctly formed hreflang cluster that prevents duplicate-content penalties across the multilingual site. Without this implementation step, translated pages frequently cannibalise one another in search results or fail to rank entirely — making hreflang handling one of the most commercially significant technical deliverables in any website translation project.
What is a certified translation and when does a website need one?
A certified translation is a translation accompanied by a signed statement from the translation company confirming accuracy and completeness, required for legal pages, terms and conditions, privacy policies filed with regulators, and any document submitted to UKVI, USCIS, or courts. Learn more on our Certified Translation Services page.
Certified vs sworn translation — what is the difference?
A certified translation carries the translation agency’s signed accuracy statement and is accepted across the UK and US, while a sworn translation is signed before a court-authorised sworn translator and is required in civil-law countries such as Spain, France, and Germany.
| Type | Signed by | Accepted in | Typical use |
|---|---|---|---|
| Machine translated | Software | Nowhere official | Internal gisting only |
| Certified translation | Translation agency | UK (UKVI, HMCTS), US (USCIS), Australia, Canada | Web T&Cs, privacy, immigration |
| Sworn translation | Court-authorised sworn translator | Spain, France, Germany, Brazil, Italy | Court filings, official EU records |
What are the common challenges in website translation and how do you solve them?
The 5 most common challenges in website translation are inconsistent terminology across pages, text expansion breaking layouts, incomplete CMS string extraction, poor handling of dynamic UI copy, and low-quality machine translation output being published without review. Each of these challenges is predictable and solvable when the project is set up correctly from the outset, using translation memories, pseudolocalisation testing, shared glossaries, and native-linguist review at every stage of the TEP workflow.
The scope of a website translation project routinely extends beyond body copy to include on-page copy, metadata, alt text, CMS strings, product descriptions, and legal pages — and any element that is missed during content extraction will remain in the source language on the live site, creating a patchwork experience that damages both user trust and SEO. A thorough content audit before translation begins is the most effective way to prevent scope gaps.
How do translation memories keep terminology consistent?
Translation memories store every previously translated segment in a structured, searchable database that is shared across an entire project and all future work in the same language pair. When a segment appears again — whether it is a repeated product description, a recurring legal clause, a navigation label, or a standard call to action — the translation memory surfaces the approved translation automatically, ensuring that the same source text is always rendered the same way in the target language. This enforces brand terminology consistency across hundreds of pages, eliminates the risk of a single term being translated three different ways by three different linguists, reduces the billable word count on content that repeats across a large website, and accelerates turnaround on subsequent projects that draw on the same content base. Translation memory is a foundational technology of any professional ISO 17100 workflow and is one of the key reasons to work with an agency rather than commissioning ad hoc freelance translation.
How is multi-language display handled in PHP and other CMS stacks?
Multi-language display in PHP is handled through i18n libraries such as gettext, which separate translatable strings from application logic so that each string can be replaced with its target-language equivalent without modifying the underlying codebase. WordPress sites typically use a dedicated multilingual plugin that manages language switching, URL structures, and string synchronisation; Shopify uses its native locale and market APIs to serve different language and currency combinations by region; Drupal uses its core Translation module; and headless or decoupled architectures pull translated JSON objects from a connected translation management system via API. Regardless of the CMS stack, the correct approach is to extract all translatable strings into a format — XLIFF, PO, JSON, or CSV — that can be handled by professional translation tools, translated within the TEP workflow, and reimported cleanly without manual reformatting or developer rework. Projects that skip this extraction step and translate directly in the CMS interface are significantly more prone to layout breakage, missed strings, and inconsistent terminology.
Why us
Why choose our London-based professional website translation service?
Our London-based professional translation service delivers ISO 17100 certified website translation and interpreting in 150+ languages, from £30 per page with same-day turnaround, backed by native-speaker linguists, in-house international SEO specialists, and NDA-protected workflows for UK businesses. Explore our full suite of services at Translation Services in London, serving Belfast, Edinburgh, Bristol, Westminster, Southwark, Bexley, Richmond, Barnet, and Hounslow.
- Native-linguist translation by professional linguists
- Independent editing by a second translator
- Proofreading for linguistic polish
- SEO localisation (keywords, hreflang, metadata)
- CMS re-integration and pseudolocalisation QA
- Confidentiality agreement (NDA)
- Fixed GBP quote with no hidden fees
The 6 most common questions about website translation services cover turnaround, accuracy of online translation, file format support, SEO friendliness, minimum project size, and how to handle full document translation alongside web pages.
Frequently asked questions
What are the best website translation services for translating an entire company site into Spanish?
For translating an entire company website into Spanish, professional human translation agencies consistently outperform automated tools in accuracy, tone and cultural nuance. A specialist agency will handle everything from UI strings and metadata to blog content and legal pages, ensuring brand consistency throughout. Key features to look for include a native-speaking translator with subject-matter expertise, SEO localisation (translating meta titles, descriptions and URLs), and a CMS-compatible delivery format. For UK businesses targeting Spanish-speaking markets in Spain or Latin America, using a certified agency ensures the content is both linguistically accurate and commercially effective.
Are there SEO-friendly website translation services?
Yes, professional translation agencies offer SEO-friendly website translation that goes beyond word-for-word conversion to optimise your site for search engines in each target language. This includes translating and localising meta titles, meta descriptions, alt text, heading tags, and URL slugs using keywords that native speakers actually search for — not direct translations of English terms. A properly localised site can rank on Google.es, Google.fr or other country-specific search engines, opening entirely new organic traffic channels. Automated tools like Google Translate produce content that search engines typically cannot index or rank effectively.
How do I find a certified/reliable translator online?
To find a certified, reliable translator online, look for agencies or individuals accredited by a recognised professional body such as the Chartered Institute of Linguists (CIOL) or the Institute of Translation and Interpreting (ITI) in the UK. Certified translators hold formal qualifications and adhere to a professional code of conduct, which is essential for legal, medical or technical documents. Reputable translation agencies in London and across the UK will clearly state their accreditations, provide ISO 17100-compliant workflows, and offer sworn or notarised translations where required. Always request references or sample work before committing to a large project.
What is the best translation service in the UK?
The best translation service in the UK is one that combines professional human translators, subject-matter expertise, and recognised accreditations such as ITI or CIOL membership and ISO 17100 compliance. London-based professional translation agencies are well regarded for offering certified, business and technical translations across a wide range of languages and industries, including legal, financial, medical and marketing sectors. The right agency will assign native-speaking translators who specialise in your field, provide quality-assured proofreading, and deliver in your required format — whether that’s a translated website, certified document, or localised marketing campaign.
How much can you trust online/automated translation services for accuracy?
Automated translation services such as Google Translate or DeepL are reasonably accurate for understanding general meaning but are not reliable enough for professional, legal, medical or commercial content. Error rates increase significantly with technical terminology, idiomatic expressions, and culturally specific phrasing — areas where a mistranslation can damage credibility or even create legal liability. Industry standards (ISO 17100) require human translators, editors and proofreaders for professional-grade output. For any content that represents your business publicly — especially a website — human professional translation is strongly recommended over automated alternatives.
Which website translator is the best?
For professional business use, a human translation agency is the best option for website translation, offering accuracy, cultural sensitivity and SEO localisation that no automated tool can match. Machine-translation tools like DeepL or Google Translate are useful for quick internal reference but produce output that often contains errors, sounds unnatural to native speakers, and is not indexable by search engines. A professional UK translation agency will deliver a fully localised website — including metadata, navigation, calls to action and legal copy — ensuring your brand communicates correctly and ranks well in each target market.
How do I translate my website?
To translate your website professionally, start by auditing all translatable content — pages, metadata, image alt text, navigation labels, forms and footers — then engage a professional translation agency to localise the content into your target language(s). The agency will typically require your content exported as HTML, XML, XLIFF or via CMS access (e.g. WordPress, Drupal). A quality agency will also advise on hreflang tags, URL structure (subdirectory vs subdomain), and target-language SEO to ensure each translated version ranks in local search results. Expect turnaround times of a few days to a few weeks depending on the site’s size.
Can Google automatically translate a website?
Yes, Google can automatically translate a website using the Google Translate widget or Chrome’s built-in translation feature, but the output is machine-generated and unsuitable for professional business use. Automated translations often contain grammatical errors, mistranslated terminology and culturally inappropriate phrasing that can undermine your brand’s credibility. Additionally, Google-translated pages are generally not indexed by search engines as unique content, meaning they provide no SEO value. For a UK business targeting international markets, a professionally translated and localised website is the only approach that delivers both quality and search visibility.
Can I use Google Translate in my website?
You can embed the Google Translate widget in your website, but it is not recommended for professional business purposes. The widget renders machine-translated content in real time, which frequently mishandles technical terms, formal register and cultural nuance — presenting visitors with text that may read as unprofessional or confusing. It also offers no SEO benefit, as search engines do not index dynamically translated content. For UK businesses serious about international growth, professionally translated static pages — delivered by a certified translation agency — are far more effective for both user experience and organic search ranking.
Can I translate a website for free?
Free website translation is possible using tools like Google Translate, DeepL Free or browser extensions, but the results are not suitable for professional or commercial use. Free machine translation lacks cultural localisation, often mishandles industry-specific terminology, and produces no SEO-indexable content. While useful for personal browsing or quick reference, free tools can actively harm a business’s reputation if used for customer-facing content. Professional translation by a UK-based agency involves a cost — typically charged per word or per project — but delivers accuracy, brand consistency and measurable return through new market access and improved international search rankings.
Can ChatGPT do translation?
ChatGPT can produce translations across many languages and often achieves reasonable fluency for general text, but it is not a substitute for certified professional translation. It can hallucinate terminology, struggle with highly technical or legal language, and lacks the cultural expertise of a native-speaking professional translator. For informal or internal use, ChatGPT may save time, but for client-facing content, legal documents, certified translations or SEO-optimised website copy, a professional human translator — ideally accredited by the ITI or CIOL — remains the industry standard and the only option acceptable for official or regulated purposes.
Is ChatGPT better than DeepL?
For translation tasks, DeepL generally produces more consistently natural-sounding output than ChatGPT, particularly for European languages, because it is purpose-built for translation using specialised neural models. ChatGPT is a general-purpose language model that can translate but may introduce errors or inconsistencies, especially with technical or domain-specific content. However, neither tool meets the standard required for certified, professional or SEO-optimised translation. For UK businesses needing accurate, culturally appropriate and search-engine-ready website content, both tools should be treated as drafting aids at best — always reviewed and refined by a qualified human translator.